Journal of Health, Wellness and Safety Research
eISSN: 3027-1363 | ISSN: 3027-2653 Journal of Health, Wellness and Safety Research is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to disseminating high-quality research findings that contribute to the advancement of knowledge and practice in any fields related to health, wellness and safety. The journal welcomes submissions on a wide range of topics, including public health, mental health, nutrition, workplace safety, stress management, and lifestyle interventions. It aims to address challenges and opportunities in promoting holistic health and safety practices. Through the publication of original research articles, reviews, and case studies, the journal seeks to inform evidence-based practices and contribute to the ongoing improvement of health outcomes and safety measures.
Hummingbird Publications and Research International
Isolation, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Characterization of Ximenia americana and Olax subscorpioidea Plant Extracts Against Salmonella typhi
This study aimed at phytochemicals screening, antimicrobial activity and characterization of Ximenia americana and Olax subscorpioidea against clinical isolates of S. typhi. Methanolic extracts from various plant parts were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using agar well diffusion method. Separations of the crude extract into fractions was done using column chromatography and the active fraction was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The Results of phytochemicals screening revealed the presence alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, and anthraquinones. Antibacterial assays showed that all extracts exhibited dose-dependent inhibition, with Olax subscorpioidea root extract demonstrating the highest potency (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL), followed by the leaf extracts of both plants (MIC = 12.5 mg/mL). Column chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) identified bioactive fraction F4 in both plants as the most effective against S. typhi. FTIR analysis revealed functional groups associated with phenols, flavonoids, and fatty acids, while GC-MS identified palmitic acid, oleic acid methyl ester, and squalene. The superior antimicrobial activity of Olax subscorpioidea root is attributed to its more diverse and complex phytochemical composition. These findings validate the traditional use of both plants in typhoid fever treatment and suggest their potential for developing novel phytotherapeutic agents against MDR S. typhi.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aisha K. U., Shagal, M. H., Baba, A. I., M. B. Suwaiba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Major Solid Waste Dumpsites and its Effects on Water Sources in Mubi Town, Nigeria
This study analyzed the spatial distribution of major solid waste dumpsites and their effects on water sources in Mubi Town, Nigeria. A descriptive and analytical research design was employed, incorporating Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to map dumpsites and assess their proximity to water sources. Primary data, including Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, water quality samples, and major water sources were collected, while secondary data such as images and maps of the study area were obtained from satellite imagery and environmental reports. Findings revealed that 66 major dumpsites were scattered across different locations, with significant clustering in Shuware, Lokuwa, and Barama. Many dumpsites were located within less than 50 meters of key water sources, increasing the risk of contamination. Water quality assessments indicated high levels of pollutants in the water sources, exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) standards, posing a threat to public health. Poor waste management infrastructure contributed to widespread illegal dumping, further exacerbating water pollution. The study recommended the establishment of a government-led waste management agency, private sector participation, and increased community involvement in waste collection and disposal. In addition, it emphasized the need for public awareness campaigns on the dangers of improper waste management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael W. Malgwi, Kadmiel Oliver, Nimmyel Nimkur Mallam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and Characterization of Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Polyalthia longifolia and Root Extract of Annona senegalensis Plants
The growing global concern over antimicrobial resistance has prompted intensified research into plant-derived natural products as alternative therapeutic agents. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the bioactive constituents from the methanolic stem bark extract of Polyalthia longifolia and the root extract of Annona senegalensis, two plants widely used in West African ethnomedicine. The crude extracts were subjected to fractionation using column chromatography, employing solvent systems of increasing polarity. The obtained fractions were analysed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to determine the number of constituent compounds and their retention factor (Rf) values. Characterization of the most active fractions was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The crude extracts were successfully fractionated resulting in six fractions from each plant. Fractions F1 and F5 from P. longifolia and F3 and F4 from A. senegalensis were selected for detailed phytochemical investigation based on preliminary thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and bioactivity screening. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydroxyl (O-H), carbonyl (C=O), alkyl (C=H), ester (C-O), and aromatic (C=C) groups—consistent with alcohols, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, and fatty acids. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further identified a wide range of bioactive compounds. For P. longifolia, major constituents included 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, methyl palmitate, n-hexadecanoic acid, methyl stearate, and squalene—compounds reported in literature to possess significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Similarly, the GC-MS profile of A. senegalensis fractions revealed the presence of (+)-roemerine, trans-4-chlorochalcone, hexadecanoic acid, and 9-octadecenoic acid, among others, which have also been associated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. The results validate the ethnomedicinal use of these plants and support their potential as sources of new antimicrobial agents. The combination of FTIR and GC-MS provided a reliable approach to profiling and identifying phytoconstituents in complex plant matrices. These findings not only expand the phytochemical knowledge of P. longifolia and A. senegalensis but also contribute to ongoing efforts in natural product-based drug discovery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shagal, M. H., Baba, A. I., Abdulkadir Y., Aisha, K. U. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilization of Antenatal and Maternity Health Care Services among Nursing Mothers Attending Child Welfare Services in Epe Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria
This study is to investigate the utilization of antenatal and maternity healthcare services among nursing mothers attending child welfare services in Epe Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Three research questions and hypotheses were postulated for this study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Multistage sampling was used to select primary health centre for the study. Simple Random sampling was used to select three primary health centres for the study in Epe Local Government, while the purposive sampling technique was used to select 150 nursing mothers for the study. The findings of the study revealed that there was significant utilization of antenatal care services among nursing mothers attending child welfare services in Epe Local Government Area, Lagos State, there was significant utilization of maternity health care services among nursing mothers attending child welfare services in Epe Local Government Area, Lagos State and significant relationship existed between utilization of antenatal care, maternity health care services, maternal and child health care among nursing mothers attending child welfare services in Epe Local Government Area, Lagos State. The study recommends that Lagos State Government and healthcare providers should work to improve access to antenatal and maternity healthcare services, particularly in rural and disadvantaged areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Preservative Potentials of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Goat Milk and Finger Millet on Yoghurt
Food fermentation using microorganisms is one the oldest technique for food production and preservation. Storage life can be extended with enhanced safety using the natural microflora and their antimicrobial products such as bacteriocins. The preservative potentials of bacteriocins extracted from lactic acid bacteria isolated from fresh goat milk and finger millet were studied. The isolated organisms were identified based on their morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics. Isolates were screened for their ability to produce bacteriocin using chloroform extraction method. Isolates with good bacteriocin yield were subsequently identified molecularly. The stability of the bacteriocins extracted was evaluated at varying temperature (30°C - 100°C) and pH (2 - 8) conditions. Also, the antimicrobial activities of the isolated LAB were tested against selected food-borne pathogens using the agar well diffusion method. Yoghurt was produced using the organism with the most potent bacteriocin extracts after which for the effect of the bacteriocin extract on the yoghurt quality was assesed. Results indicated that LAB isolates with high bacteriocin producing potential based on their antimicrobial activity were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The LAB isolates produced bacteriocin with a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against some food-borne pathogens namely E.coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, Klebsiella sp. and P. aeruginosa with inhibition zones ranging from 18 to 28 mm, Lactobacillus plantarum being most effective had a zone of inbition of …. against Salmonella typhimurium. The extracts were stable at temperatures of 30 - 80°C (>70%) and pH range of 2.0 to 6.0 (> 50%). All bacteriocin extracts maintained the proximate composition of yoghurt and extended the shelf life up to 35 days. The result of the sensory evaluation showed preference for yoghurt preserved with the extract acidocin, obtained from Lactobacillus acidophilus The findings from this study showed that finger millet and goat milk are rich sources of lactic acid bacteria with good bacteriocin producing potential. which were able to preserve the yoghurt for a period of 35 days at a temperature of 4°C.
Phyto-synthesized Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles from Peels of Banana (Musa paradisiaca), a Promising Antibacterial Agent against Cholera Pathogen
Choleragenic strains of Vibrio cholera (i.e. V. cholera 01 and 0139) pathogen of cholera disease is one major indicator of flooding. Cholera had been an epidemic in Nigeria and its recent resurgent with several cases of fatality is a call for concern. Several treatments regimens are being employed but alternative approach such as nanomedicine using nanoparticles like Zinc sulfide needs more exploration in this regard. This research uses the peels of Musa paradisiaca as reducing, capping and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of Zn Sulfide nanoparticles. Fruits of M. paradisiaca were collected and identified using literature. Fine powder of the peel was made and the aqueous extract was obtained. The green extraction of ZnS NPs was carried out and the resulting ZnS NPs were characterize using XRD and TEM with particles size recorded on FESEM. An in vitro cytotoxicity, MIC tests and antibacterial assay were performed. GZnS NPs formed were spherical and whitish in colour. XRD spectrum of ZnS thin films display three broad peaks at 2θ = 28.69°, 48.23°, and 56.72°, these indicate the formation of the nanostructure. A typical HRTEM image of the green ZnS nanoparticles is displayed while the average size of the particle is 4.92 nm. Trends observed both in the cytotoxicity test and antibacterial assay suggest that increase in concentrations is proportional to increase in toxicity of GZnS nanoparticles. While the former pegged IC50 at values slightly above 400mg/ml, the latter demonstrated high efficacy of the GZnS nanoparticles against V. cholera. The MIC was 6mg/ml, which represents the minimum concentration at which inhibition of V. cholera occurred. This study showed that green zinc sulfide nanoparticles extracted using banana peels are active against V. cholera 0139. The size and characteristics of the GZnS NPs showed that they have a large surface area to foster effective antibacterial activities. These NPs also demonstrated increased antibacterial activities against the test organism with increase in concentrations, and since similar trend was observed in its cytotoxicity there is need for concentration regulation and monitoring while using them in cholera treatment so that consumer safety will be guaranteed.
Factors Influencing Perioperative of Nurse’s Compliance with Infections Prevention Guideline in Selected Hospitals, Kogi State
The study utilized a cross-sectional descriptive design to access the Factors Influencing Perioperative of Nurse’s Compliance with Infections Prevention Guideline among selected Hospitals in Kogi State, with a sample size of 53 was achieved. An ethical approval and authority to conduct a study was granted. A self-structured questionnaire and observational checklist was used for data collection with reliability index 0.768. The respondents were selected using the purposive sampling technique and data gathered was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05 significance level. The study revealed that majority (83%) of the respondents had a good knowledge of compliance and 71.7% of the respondents had good level of compliance. Factors affecting infection prevention include lifestyle habit such as skin bleaching, smoking, alcohol or drug abuse (94.3%), poor operating room ventilation (94.3%), poor sterilization of instrument (98.1%), immunosuppressant diseases (100%), skin preparation procedure (96.2%), duration of surgery (64.2%) and associated medical conditions (69.8%). This study concludes that the Factors Influencing Perioperative of Nurse’s Compliance with Infections Prevention Guideline among selected Hospitals in Kogi State has no influence on their level of compliance, high work load as well as lack of infection control policies and guidelines affects compliance with infection control practice. It is therefore recommended that the need for comprehensive measures to hospital policies that will reinforce compliance with the use of PPE, regular training of perioperative nurses on infection prevention guideline, and employing higher numbers of perioperative nurse in Kogi State Hospital by the hospital management board.
Proximate and Vitamin Composition of Fresh and Canned Calocybe indica P & C during Storage
The nutritional and vitamins composition of canned Calocybe indica (milky mushroom) was evaluated. The mushroom was grown under control environment with sawdust (Cola nitida) and rice bran substrate (4:1) canned in brine solution of salt and citric acid. Analysis were carried on proximate composition, water soluble and fat soluble using standard methods. The moisture, protein, ash, crude fibre, fat and carbohydrate contents (mg/100g) sample varied from 88.17± 0.01 - 93.67± 0.01, 1.28± 0.03- 3.96± 0.02, 0.33±0.03- 1.02± 0.05, 0.21±0.03-0.63±0.03, 1.73±0.03- 2.66±0.05 and 2.78± 0.04- 3.53± 0.04 respectively. While fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K varies from 0.06±0.04 – 0.13±0.05, 0.53±0.05 – 0.59±0.02, 0.14±0.03 – 0.32± 0.03 and 0.00±0.00 - 0.03± 0.05 respectively and water soluble vitamins of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12 and C varies from 0.12±0.02- 0.14±0.00, 0.75± 0.07 - 0.95±0.02, 0.15±0.06 - 0.26±0.01, 0.10± 0.02 – 0.15±0.01, 0.05±0.07 – 0.10±0.00, 0.02±0.05 – 0.10±0.00 and 0.19±0.99 – 0.53±0.03 respectively. The values recorded for fresh C.indica were the highest and lowest after one year of storage for the canned products. The properties of the canned product were relatively stable for the period of one year.
Assesment of the Awareness of Occupational Health Hazards and Practice of Safety Measures among Welders in Maiduguri Metropolis Borno State, Nigeria
Welding is hazardous profession which exposes workers to various kinds of physical and chemical hazards with untoward health effects. This study assessed the awareness of occupational health hazards and practice of safety measures among welders in Maiduguri Metropolis Borno State, Nigeria. Interview on a across-section of 150 welders was done through Systematic random sampling technique was used in choosing the respondents of the study in Maiduguri Metropolis Borno State, Nigeria. All welders were males with a mean age of 37.5 years. The illiteracy rate was 51(34.0%. Almost all the welders were aware of the one or more workplace hazards. This was positively influenced by educational level, age nature training and work experience of the 150 respondents 32(21.3%) and 37(44.7%) was found to be more experience among welders who had experience for 14 years and above 20 years. The most common injuries sustained were foreign body in the eye 14(84.3%), electric shock 129(86.0%, explosion 63 (42.0%), cut from sharp object 99(66.0%), Burns 89(59.3%) arc eye 141(94.0%), chronic cough 86(57.3%, welding fumes 55(36.7%), impaired hearing 45(30.0%) and back pain 109(72.7%). Respondents practiced safety measures in their work among them were goggle 43.5%, apron 16.1% hand gloves 14.6% and masks 12.5% regular use of safety device, shorted working hours and increasing experience were protective of occupational accident.
Midwives Percieved Risk Factors, Consequences and Counselling Strategies in Managing Infertility in Anambra State
Infertility is a frustrating condition that challenges couples of child bearing age. It affects life of the couple, their family and friends with stressful and depressive consequences. The study investigated the risk factors, consequences and counselling strategies in managing infertility in Anambra state using descriptive design. The whole population served as sample since population is not much. The instrument for data collection was tagged ’’Risk Factors, Consequences and Counselling Strategies in Managing Infertility Questionnaire’’ (R.F.C.C.S.M.I.Q).The reliability of the instrument was determined using test retest method and 0.80 was found. While administration of the instrument was done on face to face. Weighted mean scores were used to answer the three research questions. The major findings are; depressions, stress, age among others are the risk factors. Depression, stress, strain on relationship, social isolation, stigmatization among others are the consequences of infertility. While counselling strategies are cognitive behaviour therapy, group and individual counselling, mind body intervention among others are effective strategies in managing infertility. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made among which are; fertility counsellors should be posted to hospitals and health institutions to create awareness on infertility to reduce the mental issues or emotional turmoil associated with it. Society should be aware that infertility is not the fault of the couples in order to reduce stigmatization associated with infertility.
Production of Biocomposite Films using Gum Arabic and Chitosan from Luffa Gourd for Food Packaging Applications
Most common food packaging are from nonbiodegradable and nonrenewable sources making them to be toxic to human, animals and their environment. It becomes paramount to search for alternate sources of food packaging materials. This study attended to reveal chitosan extracted from renewable agricultural waste (luffa sponge) chitosan was produced via three stages; proteinization, demineralization and deacetylation. The Produced chitosan was characterized for yield of 41.07%, which was a very high value from plant. The pH of 6.7 and degree of deacetylation of 33.2%. The FTIR result of the produced chitosan indicated the presence of –OH and –NH2 groups which are the main groups that constitute the active sites of the biopolymer. The TGA indicated that the chitosan is thermally stable while the morphological study of the chitosan derivative has shown it has a non-porous structure. The effect of chitosan reinforcement on the Gum Arabic (GA) matrix on mechanical and barrier properties has been studied for food packaging applications. Four different mixtures at chitosan (C) % were used to prepare the composite film with Gum Arabic: C-GA (5-95%), C-GA (10-90%), C-GA (15-85%) and C-GA (25-75%), respectively. The prepared composite films were subjected to morphological, mechanical strength, film thickness, water vapour permeability (WVP), and water uptake analysis. It has been observed that C-GA (15-85%) is well dispersed in the matrix (Image analysis via. SEM). Mechanical properties of the C-GA (15-85%) composite film evaluated indicated an increase in the strength. A film with more matrix showed less absorption of water as well as less water vapour permeability. The WVP test analysis revealed that film C-GA (15-85%) possesses the best barrier properties.
Factors Influencing Safety Management Practices among Public Health Workers in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Safety at work is one key issue in public hospitals. Effective safety management practices help public health workers fight against infections, injuries and accidents in public hospitals. This study aims to assess the factors influencing safety management practices among public health workers in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A survey research design which involves the use of structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The study obtained a sample size of 322 participants from a population of 1639 health institution employees from EKSUTH and OAGH in the study area, the selection of the participants was based on stratified random sampling technique. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings indicated that the top factors influencing safety management practices among public health workers are personal adherence to safety protocols, organizational support, and adequacy of safety equipment. The study concludes that personal adherence to safety protocols, organizational support for reporting safety concerns, and the provision of adequate safety equipment play crucial roles in shaping effective safety management. Additionally, comprehensive safety training was found to increase workers' awareness, confidence, and preparedness for handling emergencies, ultimately leading to enhanced job performance. Hence, this study recommends that managers of healthcare organizations should focus on improving safety training programs by ensuring that training sessions are comprehensive, practical, and relevant to the specific risks encountered by health workers; by designing training modules that address real-world scenarios, encourage active participation, and include regular refreshers to keep workers up-to-date with the latest safety protocols.
Epidemiology, Prevention and Management of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDS)
There is no doubt that each year, NCDs cause 40 million deaths worldwide and are typically caused by a confluence of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioural factors. This review targeted investigating the epidemiology, prevention and management of NCDs. The four major NCDs in the world are heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disorders, and diabetes; and the five main risk factors for them are tobacco use, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use, poor diets, and air pollution. The prevalence of NCDs in contemporary society is a serious threat to world health, necessitating coordinated efforts and creative approaches to management and prevention. Understanding NCD aetiology, prevalence trends, and the complex web of risk factors is essential for creating preventive and management measures. The management of risk factors is crucial to the control of NCDs. The management of NCDs necessitates various approaches from various angles and at multiple levels, including national and individual. Governments, healthcare providers, researchers, and communities must work together to solve systemic, cultural, and economic obstacles in the fight against NCDs. These approaches include the implementation of thorough policy frameworks, utilizing technology, emphasizing health education, and encouraging interdisciplinary research. In light of the increased prevalence of NCDs, a healthier future will be made possible by embracing innovation, international cooperation, and a dedication to health fairness. Comprehensive prevention methods that address the underlying causes of NCDs and promote a culture of health are required. Building a healthier future for future generations will depend heavily on our ability to collaborate, innovate, and prioritize health equity as we negotiate the complicated terrain of NCD prevention.
Determination of Gross Alpha and Beta Activity from Annual Effective Dose for Dental Medical Radiation Workers
This study determine the annual effective dose, alpha and beta activity concentration of Dental medical radiation, at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Data were sourced from the facility's radiation monitoring records and analyzed to determine the annual effective doses, alpha and beta activity concentration for each worker. The findings indicate that the annual effective doses ranged from 0.61±1.28 mSv, Alpha Activity ranged from 0.031±0.064Bq and Beta Activity ranged from 0.61±1.28 Bq per worker. These exposure levels with the exception of Surgeon Assistant who recorded the highest dose of 1.0 Bq the remaining Dental workers doses were within the recommended limits set by national and international standards, which are 5 mSv per year or an average of 20 mSv over five years. Consequently, the study concludes that there is no significant radiation-related risk to any workers for annual effective dose and alpha activity concentration in the study.
Seasonal Variation and Intensity of Malaria Infection in Patients Attending Public Health Institution in Nasarawa State of Nigeria
Malaria remains a significant health challenge in Nigeria and millions of people are still at risk of contracting the parasite. This research determined the seasonal variation and intensity of malaria infection in patients attending the public health institutions in Nasarawa State with respect to the seasonal variation, intensity, sensitivity and specificity of infection. A total of 1200 blood samples were collected through venous puncture from consenting patients attending the hospitals and analyzed using two malaria diagnosis methods that is, Giemsa stained blood film microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). Microscopy had 62.5% while RDTs had 59.7% positive malaria cases. With respect to the seasonal variation, infection was high during the early rainy season and late rainy season (69.1%), and moderate during early dry and late dry season with a prevalence rate of 30.9% (p<0.05). RDTs had 97% sensitivity and 90% specificity and predictive values of 96.6% (positive) and 93.6% (negative). The intensity of the parasitic infection was determined and parasites load ranges from ≤ 200 parasites per microlitre of blood to >1500 per microlitre of blood with a mean of 21.4/µl of blood. Females had higher occurrence of malaria leading to a higher level of parasitemia while males had a higher parasite density of >1500. Patients were examined to determine the level of parasites level among malaria positive patients. There were 344/750 (45.9%), 232 (30.9%) and 174 (23.2%) patients with low, moderate, and high parasitemia, respectively. This study highlights the significant seasonal variation in malaria prevalence, with an overall infection rate of 62%. The findings suggest that malaria transmission intensifies during specific periods, likely influenced by climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature. These seasonal fluctuations emphasize the need for targeted intervention strategies, including intensified vector control and public health campaigns during peak transmission seasons.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Proactive Diagnosis and Coordinated Care Strategies in Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy in Middle-Aged Men with Sedentary Lifestyles in Urban Settings
Due to diabetes and its complications, retinopathy remains the world’s primary cause for disability among adults aged 20 to 65 years. This disorder of the eye develops due to oversustained blood sugar levels as a result of diabetes mellitus type 1 or type 2, causing harm to the blood retina barrier, which induces blindness at its peak stage (Diabetes Foundation). Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) has multiple stages starting with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) which is characterized by the presence of small bulges in the blood vessels, also known as microaneurysms along with bleeds, to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) which shows new blood vessels forming and endowing with substantial loss of eyesight. Blinded men aged 40 to 60 years residing in metropolitan areas carry the heaviest diabetes retinopathy burden globally because their diabetes is unquestioningly brought upon by a sedentary lifestyle and late detection. Living in cities promotes high rates of physical inactivity, poor nutrition, high stress, and other factors that multiply the chance of developing diabetes and having eye problems. Other barriers to tackle these problems include lack of healthcare services, unawareness of the condition, and inadequate health policies. Along with all these barriers, this segment of the population, due to work, spends more time away from home than for their health, allowing the diabetes-associated complications to develop and progress unchecked. An integrated and proactive care model has the potential to slow or even halt the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In particular, through employing regular ophthalmic assessments and advanced screening techniques. For instance, an urban population of middle aged men exhibited a decrease in DR progression by 35% when there was optimal glucose management along with lifestyle changes. In addition, there is data, supporting previously held beliefs, that strict blood glucose control lowers the risk of DR progression by around 75%. Furthermore, increasing levels of physical activity and maintaining a well-balanced diet helps diabetic patients with retinopathy subsequently decreasing the incidence of diabetic retinopathy. The landscape of DR diagnosis has profoundly evolved with the use of technology, in particular through the introduction of teleophthalmology and AI powered retinal imaging. AI can pick up early signs of retinal damage more accurately and more effectively than human health care workers can, thus improving DR diagnosis in underserved urban areas. AI screening also increased rates of diabetic retinopathy diagnosis by 35% which allows for timely and much needed treatment. Unfortunately, the effective management of DR continues to be profoundly hampered by systemic issues. DR prevention is hindered by a predominately sedentary lifestyle stemming from overpopulated cities with long working hours and few avenues for exercise. The problem is worsened by the unequal distribution of health care resources as it further puts a strain on vulnerable communities and populations by making it difficult for these groups to access adequate health care services at the appropriate time. Policies need to be put in place that subsidize screening programs, public awareness campaigns, and eye health within primary care to address these issues. This research suggests that community based screening, patient outreach, multidisciplinary care, and more supportive public policies-focused on prevention-should be implemented. The research further suggests a shift in approach to comprehensive health care, arguing that individual and public health can be improved in a more proprietary manner which helps the at risk urban population to build more resistance to diabetic retinopathy.
Comparative Analysis of Antimocrobial Activities of Essential Oils of Some Aromatic Plants against Some Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi
Essential oils are one of the important natural products derived from aromatic plants for their various biological activities. However, the antimicrobial activities vary in potency and usage. Comparative antimicrobial activities of essential oils of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrtus, Orange (Citrus sinensis) peel Black plun (Vitex doniana), Ginger (Zingber officinale) and Blue gum tree (E. globulus) against four bacterial species (Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, and Staphylococcus aureus) and three fungal species (Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger). The essential oils were extracted by steam distillation and hydrodistillation. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were determined by paper disc diffusion technique and micro-dilution. The results showed all the essential oils exhibited strong antibacterial and antifungal activities against the test organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 8.12mm to 26.00 mm. In comparison the inhibitory activities of the oils showed Ginger with 26.00mm against Aspergillus niger, while E. globulus has 16.50mm. Vitex doniana and Z. officinale had the lowest value of 10.60mm and 8.12mm against Salmonella tyhi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicated values ranging from; 0.12mg/ml to 0.82mg/ml. While minimum bactericidal (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) had values from 0.20mg/ml to 0.1.10mg/ml. The result demonstrated that the five essential oils have high potential antimicrobial activities that can be developed into potent drugs. Further studies are needed to isolate the bioactive constituents and determine their mechanisms of action.
The Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites Infections among Children within Pankshin
This study evaluates the Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites infection Among Children Within Pankshin local Government Area. The study population was made up of school children of ages between 6 to 15 years using a random sampling method. A questionnaire was administered to survey the pupil’s data such as age, type of toilet available, sex, hand washing habit, water sources, and occupation of parents or guardians. Children were provided with universal containers and requested to bring stool specimen on or before 8:00am in the morning, they were previously and carefully instructed with illustration aids. The specimens were appropriately labeled with identification numbers and placed in a cold box with ice packs, immediately after collection and transported to the biology laboratory of Federal College of Education Pankshin. The Samples were immediately examined. Prevalence was calculated and expressed as percentage of positive cases over the number examined. Data from questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS version 13.0. Chi-square was used to compare significant differences. The overall results of the intestinal parasites indicated that the age and gender distribution of 3000 subjects revealed that there were more females 1580 than males 1420. Out of the 3000 stool specimen, watery stool specimen were (460), semi formed (550), formed (1640) and mucoid stool specimen (350) (Table 1). The intestinal parasites identified in stool specimen includes Hookworm (13.2%), Strongylodies stearcoralis (3.8), Ascaris lumbricoides (20.4%), Taenia sp. (2.9), Trichuris trichiura (1.7%), and Entamoeba histolytica (54.1%) (Table 2). Males (71.0) were more infected than female (49.5) also age group 6-10 years (54.7) is more infected 11-15years (43.2). We therefore recommend reintroduction of health education and sanitary inspection in Pankshin LGA of Plateau State.
Serological Evidence and Determinants of Toxoplasmosis amongst Pregnant Women in two Health Institutions in Nasarawa State, North Central Nigeria
Toxoplasma godii acquired in pregnancy has been implicated to cause miscarriage and serious neonatal complications such as hydrocephalus, cerebral calcification and chorioretinitis, though it is usually asymptomatic for pregnant women. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women attending ante-natal at Mararaba Medical Centre and Mararaba Primary Health Care (PHC) of Nasarawa State. Blood samples were obtained from consenting pregnant women who were made to fill a semi-structured questionnaire used to collect personal and Toxoplasma infection, risk related data and the sera were assayed using Toxoplasma IgG EIA Test kit. 99 out of the 261 women were positive with an overall prevalence of 37.9%. The highest prevalence was recorded among those in their second trimester 63(45.7%), those within the age group of 26-30 years 42(48.3%), followed closely by 31-35 years 27(45.0%) and also those that have contact with pets (cats and dogs) 93(40.8%). There was a significant association between the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies (IgG) with trimester, age, residence (rural/urban) and ownership of livestock (p<0.05), while there was no significant relationship with the clinic visited, occupation, frequency of pregnancy, contact with pets such as cat and dog, consumption of raw/undercooked meat and source of drinking water. Asymptomatic Toxoplasmosis is common amongst pregnant women hence the need for consistent health education to be offered to these high-risk individuals. It is also imperative that policy makers and caregivers should consider introducing routine screening of toxoplasmosis especially as part of antenatal program for pregnant women.
Development of Nano Emulsion as an Edible Coating on Fresh Fruit and Vegetable for Postharvest Quality Evaluation
The study involved the synthesis and application of a beeswax nanoemulsion as a food-grade coating for enhancing the quality and shelf life of fresh produce like fruits and vegetables. The nanoemulsion was prepared using high-energy homogenization and consisted of beeswax, lecithin, polyethylene glycol, basil essential oil, Tween 80, and sorbic acid. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to characterize the nanoemulsion. FTIR confirmed the presence of hydroxyl and ester functional groups to ensure stability, and DLS was 44.58 nm Z-average droplet size, polydispersity index (PdI) 0.332, and a highly stable zeta potential. GC-MS also confirmed major constituents such as 9-Octadecenoic acid, Oleic acid, and hydrocarbons such as dodecane and hexadecane, responsible for the antimicrobial and antioxidative character of the coating. Nanoemulsion was applied on tomato, carrots, bananas, and apples and demonstrated impressive reductions in physiological weight loss, reduced spoilage rates, and enhanced moisture retention compared to uncoated samples for 15 days of storage. Nutritional analysis indicated enhanced vitamin C retention, and the use of biodegradable materials ensured that food preservation was sustainable. Such outcomes confirmed the effectiveness of nanoemulsion coatings to reduce postharvest losses as well as to enhance food security by adopting green, sustainable ways.
Effectiveness of Teamwork among Theatre Users in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja
The study revealed that most theatre users had a strong understanding of effective teamwork, with education playing a significant role. Respondents with higher education levels were more likely to value teamwork, emphasizing the importance of formal training. Disparities in self-assessment of teamwork were noted between different roles, with nurses and theatre assistants generally perceiving higher levels of effective teamwork than surgeons and anesthetists. Work experience and education were found to be key influencers of teamwork perceptions. Participants with 1–5 years of experience were more likely to recognize the positive effects of teamwork, while those with over 10 years of experience were less inclined to do so. Additionally, staff with postgraduate qualifications were more likely to recognize the impact of teamwork on surgical outcomes. Despite acknowledging teamwork's importance, many respondents did not perceive a direct link between teamwork and improved surgical outcomes, possibly due to burnout or role fatigue, especially among experienced staff. The research work concluded that education, work experience, and role dynamics significantly shaped perceptions of effective teamwork among theatre users at LASUTH. While most respondents recognized the importance of teamwork, the perceived impact on surgical outcomes was not universally acknowledged. To enhance effectiveness of teamwork at LASUTH, the study recommended promoting continuous education, including postgraduate qualifications, and organizing effectiveness team-building activities.
Development of Bread from Different Protein Isolates, Sweet potatoes (Lam Ipomea batata) and Wheat Flour Blends
Bread is a universally accepted and convenient food produced majorly from wheat flour. However, Nigeria faces a challenge in wheat production, relying heavily on imports thereby incurring a substantial annual expenditure in foreign exchange. Efforts have been made to promote the use of different composite flours from locally grown crops to substitute wheat flour for bread production. This study investigated the potential of developing nutritious and healthy bread from blends of wheat (W), Orange fleshed sweet potato (OSFP), Cream fleshed sweet potato (CSFP), Soy protein isolate (SI) and Whey isolate (WI). Freshly harvested OSFP and CFSP were procured locally. D-Optimal mixture design of design expert software was used to obtain the optimum blending ratios of wheat flour (75%): sweet potato(25%) and thereafter the protein isolates SI and WI were added in three different proportions (2%, 4% and 6%) the control was made with wheat: sweet potato (75%: 25%) without protein isolate. The flour blend were used to bake bread. The ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate contents of the flour blends ranged from 1.63 to 1.77%, 8.56 to 8.83%, 1.53 to 1.62%, and 65.03 to 74.03%, respectively while the ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate contents of the bread ranged from 1.54 to 1.80%, 14.80 to 27.49% and 3.04 to 3.62%, 41.59 to 54.14% respectively.. The penetrometer readings indicated values ranging from 1.53 to 2.63 10th mm and 136.66 to 243.67 10th mm, respectively. The specific volume, oven spring and loaf weight of the bread samples ranged from 1.68 to 3.50cm3/g, 0.30 to 1.50cm and 137.13 to 159.63g respectively. The sensory evaluation result indicated that the value obtained for the overall acceptability ranged from 7.34 and 8.75. Bread samples with 4% protein isolate were recommended to be relatively more acceptable. In conclusion, the adding of protein isolates to the blend of wheat and sweet potato has increased the protein content also produced bread with acceptable sensory properties. This can be recommended for bakers in utilizing OFSP/CFSP to substitute wheat in bread making. This will minimize cost and maximize profit in bread making.
Phytochemical and Proximate Screening of Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber Officinale) as a Medicinal Plant
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a well-known and widely used herb, which contains several interesting bioactive constituents and possesses health-promoting properties. The phytochemical and proximate components of ginger (Zingiber officinale) were investigated. Qualitative phytochemicals determined showed presence of Alkaloid, Flavonoids, Saponin, Tannin, Glycosides and Phenolics. Quantitative photochemical screening of ginger rhizome showed the presence of Alkaloid (6.31mg/100g), Flavonoid (2.48mg/100g), Saponin (1.82mg/100g) and Tannins (1.75mg/100g). The proximate screening also indicates the presence of Carbohydrate content, Protein content, Moisture content, Crude fibre content, Ash content, Crude lipid content and Crude fat content. The Phytochemical screening revealed that Ginger (Zingiber officinale) have good secondary plants metabolites which justify its therapeutic utility. Proximately, gingers are good sources of nutrients, which could be exploited as great potentials for drugs and/or nutritional supplements. It is therefore, considered a potential source of medicinal herb, used for health and diet management. Alkaloid is a powerful narcotic used for the relief of pains. Flavonoids possess antioxidant properties and ensure healthy circulation of blood. It helps to strengthen capillaries wall. flavonoids also have anti allergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cancer and anti-diarrheal activities. Saponins reduced cholesterol by preventing its reabsorption after it has been excreted in the bile. Dietary tannins are said to reduce feed efficiency and weight gain in animal.
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Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Toxicity Levels of Some Medicinal Plants Using Drosophila Melanogaster
Three (3) selected plant samples were obtained and effectively extracted through maceration utilizing three distinct solvents, N-haxane, Chloroform, and Ethanol, in that order of increasing polarity. Boswellia dalzielli (bark), Gueira senegalensis(roots), and Annona squamosa L(leaves). The samples were labeled A, B, and C. After being extracted, the samples underwent some preliminary phytochemical screening in order to assess the plant bioactivity. Based on the results of the phytochemical analysis, sample C had high to moderate levels of phytochemicals in all three solvents; samples A and B also had moderate to low levels of phytochemicals in ethanol and chloroform, but sample A had low levels of those phytoconstituents in n-hexane. Toxicity studies were evaluated for all the extract and lethal doses at 50% (LD50) were analyzed and these are A (699.3mg/10g), B (284.9mg/10g), and C (759.8mg/10g). This result is expected to guide the traditional healers when using such plant for administration.
Survey on the Prevalence of Ectoparasite Infestation on Domestic Fowl (Gallus Gallus Domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) Sold in Keffi Market, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Indigenous chickens (Gallus domesticus), adapted to harsh environments, are essential for providing economic and efficient animal protein in village and free-range production systems. This study investigated the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in local chickens at Keffi market, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. From February to June 2021, 200 chickens of various ages and sexes were examined for ectoparasites. The overall prevalence was 6.5%, with lice (6%) being more prevalent than ticks (0.5%). Menopon gallinae was the most common species identified. Adult chickens had a higher prevalence (4%) compared to growers (2%) and chicks (0.5%). Female chickens showed a significantly higher prevalence (4.5%) than males (2%), likely due to their brooding behavior. Local breeds had a higher prevalence (5%) compared to exotic breeds (1.5%). The low prevalence observed may be attributed to good husbandry practices and effective management systems. This study highlights the need for continued good management practices and farmer education on the economic impact of ectoparasites. Recommendations include the use of insecticides and other synergistic methods, routine pesticide application, and improved husbandry and sanitation practices. Further research is necessary to understand ectoparasite dynamics and develop effective control measures.
Assessing Radiation Exposure Levels among Radiotherapy Staff at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
The evaluation of occupational exposure to external ionizing radiation in diagnostic and therapeutic applications is essential for understanding regulatory compliance and technological progress. This research presents an analysis of occupational radiation exposure in the Radiotherapy, Dental department of Usman Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Sokoto, comparing it with relevant studies. A total of 19 Radiotherapists, each assigned a TLD code instead of worker names. Various parameters, including Average Annual Effective Dose (AAED), Annual Collective Dose (ACD), Individual Distribution Ratio (NRE), Collective Dose Distribution Ratios (SRE), and Probability of Cancer Lifetime Risks (LFTR), were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. For Radiotherapy workers, the AAED was 1.35 ± 0.73 mSv, with an ACD of 25.66 ± 0.73 man mSv. The NRE and SRE indicated that 46.88% of received doses exceeding 1 mSv, while none exceeded 10 and 15 mSv. The LFTR for all medical radiation workers at UDUTH was less than 1mil, suggesting low cancer lifetime risks.
Functional and Microbial Quality of Extruded Snack from Blends of Dehulled Rice, Whole Grain Rice Husk, Date Palm Fruit and Defatted Groundnut Cake Flours
Nine extruded snacks were produced from blends of dehulled (polished) rice, whole rice grain Rice husk flour groundnut cake and dried date palm flours. The flours were blended in ratio of 3:1: 1. at variable fed moistures of 11,12 and 13 %. All Samples having code with letter A contained 60% polished rice flour, 20% defatted groundnut cake and 20% date fruit at 11,12 and 13 % fed moisture content. Sample coded with B contain 60% polished rice flour, 20% defatted groundnut cake, 20% date fruit 11,12 and 13% moisture while samples coded with C contain 11,12 and 13 fed moisture content. The extrusion was carried out using a twin-screw extruder, at screw speed of 140 rpm, temperature of 900C and nuzzle diameter of 2mm. The bulk density ranged from 0.5875 g/ml to 0.9085 g/ml for sample BBA and BBB respectively and the expansion ratio varied from 0.8250 g/ml (AAB) to 0.9300 gl/ml (BBA) The water absorption index (WAI) ranged from 1.000gH20/g observed in sample AAC to 2.90g H20/g in sample BBA. Lowest water solubility index was recorded in sample AAC (1.180 g/100 ml to 1.420 (BBB). The wettability of the extruded snacks ranged from 15:05(CCC) to 29:23 secs (AAA) while the viscosity varied from 0.00466 (CCB) to 0.00914 (AAA) mpas. Microbial analysis of the snacks after five weeks was studied using morphological and biochemical tests. Molds were isolated in some of the samples and total aerobic plate count (TAPC) ranged from cfu/g to 3.0X102 cfu/g. (BBB). No coliform was isolated in any of the samples.
The Impact of Climate on Human Health in Keffi Local Government Area of Nasarawa State
This research focuses on the evaluation of the impact of climate on human health in Keffi local government area. It discussed such climatic health threats which includes diseases incurred from climatic variation through various climatic elements, precipitation (moisture), insolation (sunshine), temperature, humidity, snow etc effects to human health. During the research, diseases such like; malaria, pneumonia, asthma, migraine, skin cancer, eye cataract, etc were observed to be climatic sensitive diseases in the area. Meningitis and T.B. are highly promoted through dust effects. With intensive insolation highly results to eye cataracts, migraine, heat stroke, rashes and skin attack whereby, such cases are highly rampant mostly during heat (summer) period. The research also established that intense effect of climate on human also aggravates many cardiovascular and respiratory challenges. The research advances to health problems incurred from air foul through the discharge and emission of many toxic substances into the atmosphere (e.g CO2, N2O, CFC, CH, and others gaseous contents) which has and continued to be a serious health challenge in the area. Such has inconvenience human lives through infirmity of the body, physiological imbalance, morbidity and most at times, advanced to mortality. And conclusively, ends with enormous mitigating measures to such climatic health threats.
Audience Perception of Radio Health Messages on Hypertension among Residents of Osun state, Nigeria
This paper examined audience perception of radio health messages on hypertension among residents of Osun State, Nigeria using Health Focus on Fresh FM 104.9, Osogbo as case. Adopting framing theory and the elaboration likelihood model, the study surveyed four hundred and twenty-two (422) residents through multi-staged sampling technique using a structured questionnaire. Data gathered were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and hypothesis tested at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that Health Focus radio programme did not significantly influence practice tips on hypertension prevention among Osun State residents (R2= 0.255, B= 0.262, t= 11.380, p<0.05) as audience awareness and listening habits to the radio programme were found to be low. The study concluded that the audience listened to Health Focus radio programme at a rather low level and that participants did not practice hypertension prevention tips highlighted. It was therefore recommended that producers of Health Focus radio programme should adopt more proactive measures to improve the awareness of the programme and that public health workers in the state should find and adopt measures to ensure that residents practice hypertension and other diseases prevention tips.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ekeh, Charles Maduabuchi (PhD), Alade, Olubukola Felicia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Planning among Women in Mararaban Rido, Chikun L.G.A., Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study examines the knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning in Mararaban Rido community in Chikun Local Government of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study determines the knowledge level of family planning and its significance among women of child bearing age, assessing the attitude of child bearing age women towards family planning and examining family planning practice among women of child bearing age in the study area. Multistage (stratified random) sampling design was employed, and questionnaires were used to collect data in a descriptive research style. In order to look for associations, Chi square analysis was performed using SPSS (21). The results from the analysis shows that the majority (34.1%) of the respondents have children less than 3 months of age. Results of the findings show that the study participants are literate as 44.0% of them have attended secondary education while 42.7% of the respondents have attained tertiary education. Findings of the study had shown that 81.5% of the respondents have heard about family planning, with 10.7% of them confirming to never have heard about family planning while 7.8% cannot remember hearing anything about family planning. With 76.16% of respondents having some level of awareness of family planning, the study's overall findings demonstrate that the respondents' understanding of family planning methods is encouraging. The results of the hypothesis testing showed that all the demographic factors have a positive relationship with family planning knowledge. However, only the number of children showed no significant relationship to family planning attitude with a p-value of 0.9392 while age of mother showed no significant association with family planning practice with a p-value of 0.296036. According to the study's findings, respondents have a favorable view toward family planning (69.01%). The study drew the conclusions that the respondents’ knowledge, attitudes, and sociodemographic traits were all related to the success of family planning practice and that healthcare centers were the major sources of family planning information. In the light of the foregoing, it is recommended that religious bodies should also be used as a platform to promote family planning adoption and practices in Mararaban Rido.