Public Health Risks Associated with Almajiri Migration: The Role of Social Workers in Northern Nigeria

Abstract

Describes the Almajiri system in Northern Nigeria, where children (primarily boys) migrate from home to study at informal Qur’anic schools. Highlights the public health concerns arising from this system, including disease exposure, malnutrition, and lack of care, as well as the social significance of the issue. Outlines a narrative review approach. Details the inclusion of literature (2000–2025) on Almajiri migration, public health risks, and social work interventions. Describes sources consulted (academic databases, government/NGO reports) and criteria for selecting relevant studies and reports. Emphasizes qualitative synthesis of findings rather than a quantitative meta-analysis. Summarizes key thematic findings from the literature. These include an overview of Almajiri migration patterns and living conditions; major public health risks faced by Almajiri children (communicable diseases, mental health issues, malnutrition, and poor sanitation); underlying structural factors (poverty, policy gaps, systemic neglect); and the roles that social workers can play in mitigating these risks (advocacy, health education, child protection, and reintegration efforts). Concludes that Almajiri migration poses significant public health risks that are currently exacerbated by systemic neglect. Social workers are identified as crucial change agents in addressing these challenges. The review calls for coordinated efforts – in practice and policy – to protect Almajiri children’s health and well-being, integrating social services with public health initiatives for sustainable solutions.